Dawn l-aħħar snin bdejna nisimgħu aktar rigward il-fenomenu tax-xogħol prekarju f’pajjiżna. X’inhu eżattament dan ix-xogħol prekarju? Veru qed jiżdied bħalma qegħdin jgħidu l-unjins? X’inhi l-implikazzjoni ta’ dan għal pajjiżna?
Tradizzjonalment, il-kunċett tax-xogħol dejjem ġie miftihem f’Malta bħala xogħol fiss li persuna jkollha u li għalih tikkontribwixxi għal 40 siegħa fil-ġimgħa.
Miegħu beda jiżdied ix-xogħol partajm. Fil-bidu kien isir minn ħaddiema bħala t-tieni impjieg tagħhom, speċi ta’ overtajm maħdum ma’ ħaddieħor u mhux mal-‘employer’ tagħhom. Wara bdejna naraw persuni, l-aktar nisa, jiddeċiedu għal raġunijiet personali, bħal per eżempju biex irabbu familja, biex jaħdmu numru inqas ta’ siegħat. Sa hawn mhux talli m’hemm xejn ħażin, imma dan l-arranġament jgħin is-suq tax-xogħol ikun aktar flessibbli u jaqdi l-bżonnijiet, sew tal-ħaddiem u sew ta’ min iħaddem.
Ix-xoghol prekarju jibda meta ħaddiem jixtieq jaħdem ġimgħa sħiħa u jiġi offrut inqas xogħol. Jieħu x-xogħol partajm għax m’għandux għażla. Dan ikompli jeħżien meta l-kundizzjonijiet ma jkunux tal-istess livell daqs ta’ dawk li jaħdmu 40 siegħa.
Tip ieħor ta’ prekarjat huwa dak fejn ix-xogħol jingħata fuq bażi definit ta’ żmien. Tul dan iż-żmien, li jista’ jvarja bejn sentejn u tliet snin, wieħed ikun mingħajr is-serħan tal-moħħ kull darba li jibda joqrob iż-żmien li jiskadi l-kuntratt. Dawn it-tip ta’ kuntratti kienu normalment riservati għal uffiċjali għoljin ta’ kumpaniji li kienu jitħallsu salarji u ‘bonuses’ għoljin, bil-patt li jipproduċu riżultati tajbin fi żmien definit.
Issa sirna naraw dawn it-tip ta’ kuntratti għal ħafna impjegati li s-salarju tagħhom m’hu xejn speċjali u differenti minn dawk tal-post fiss.
Il-prekarjetà tax-xogħol tirrigwardja wkoll il-livell tal-pagi. Filwaqt li f´Malta paga ta’ xogħol legali ma tistax tinżel taħt il-livell tal-paga minima nazzjonali, f’pajjiżi oħrajn bħall-Istati Uniti, f’setturi bħall-‘catering’, il-pagi jkunu baxxi ħafna u l-ħaddiema jkollhom jiddependu fuq it-tip tal-klijenti biex jirnexxielhom idaħħlu dħul diċenti. Jekk tkun f’pajjiż fejn il-ħaddiema jkunu aggressivi jekk ma tingħatalomx ‘tip’, għid li din tkun ir-raġuni. Fuq il-‘cruise liners’ hemm din l-użanza wkoll.
Hemm imbagħad il-kundizzjonijiet tax-xogħol. Normalment min ikun fil-unjin, dan ma jiġrix għax il-unjin tissalvagwardjalu dawn il-kundizzjonijiet. Minn ma’ jkunx f’unjin bħal eżempju ‘maids’ fid-djar, huwa ħafna iktar diffiċli li dawn il-kundizzjonijiet jiġu salvagwardjati u allura tiżdied l-inċidenza tax-xogħol prekarju.
Weħida tqum il-mistoqsija dwar x’inhi s-sitwazzjoni reali f’pajjiżna u jekk din hix sempliċiment sitwazzjoni minfuħa min-naħa tal-unjins. F’dan il-każ l-istatistika ma tigdibx. Jekk wieħed iħares lejn l-aħħar snin wieħed jista’ jara li l-ammont ta’ persuni li jaħdmu taħt dawn id-definizzjonijiet li għadni kemm iddiskrivejt, qegħdin jiżdiedu maż-żmien. Id-dinja tax-xogħol saret aktar liberalizzata u kompetittiva. L-ekonomisti wkoll jitkellmu dwar swieq iktar flessibbli u allura din għal ħafna hija rikonoxxuta bħala flessibbiltà tas-suq tax-xogħol.
Fl-aħħarnett hu veru wkoll li kumpaniji li jkunu magħfusin bir-riċessjoni jaqaw għal dawn il-prattiċi. Ladarba jidħlu diffiċli jiġu mitmumin. U għalhekk il-unjins għandhom għaliex jinkwetaw u jkunu l-ewwel li joġġezzjonaw u juru li huma inkwetati dwar dan il-fenomenu. F’pajjiżna qegħdin naraw li fi sforz biex inkunu aktar kompetittivi, ċerti xogħlijiet qegħdin jiġu ‘farmed-out’ minflok isiru ‘in-house’. Eżempju ta’ dan huwa x-xogħol tat-tindif, li qabel kienu jagħmluh il-kumpaniji stess u li llum qegħdin jagħmluh ditti speċjalizzati. L-istess għal kumpaniji fis-settur tas-sigurtà privata u dawk fil-kostruzzjoni. Dawn il-kumpaniji spiss jirbħu x-xogħol bit-tenders kompetittivi li jwassalhom iħaddmu dawn il-prattiċi.
In-natura tagħhom jirnexxila tattira ħaddiema bla sena jew li ma’ jkollhomx ġeneralment il-ħiliet meħieġa u persuni li jfittxu xogħol temporanju. B’hekk dawn il-ħaddiema jispiċċawx jaqgħu għall-pagi iktar baxxi min-norma u anke l-kundizzjonijiet tagħhom ma’ tantx ikunu tajbin.
Allura wieħed jinduna li l-prekarjat jista’ jitfaċċa f’kull settur tal-ekonomija li ma jkunx regolat. Fi sforz biex tinżamm il-kompetittività, ħafna kumpaniji qegħdin inaqqru mid-drittijiet u l-kundizzjonijiet tax-xogħol tal-ħaddiema tagħhom. L-isfortuna hija li t-tort hu ta’ min joffri tenders li jippermetti dawn l-abbużi. Huwa skandaluż li ma’ dawn hemm il-Gvern jew xi parastatali.
Dan kollu naturalment iġib miegħu wkoll ċerti implikazzjonijiet fuq il-ħajja ta’ kuljum tan-nies. Il-problemi assoċjati mal-prekarjat isiru problema soċjali. Dan għaliex iwassal għal fenomenu parallel li huwa dak tal-faqar ta’ familji fejn hemm in-nies jaħdmu. Fil-passat il-faqar dejjem kien assoċjat man-nuqqas ta xogħol. Ix-xogħol kien filfatt ikkonsidrat bħala t-triq li permezz tiegħu toħroġ mil-faqar. Il-familji fir-riskju tal-faqar kienu dawk li ma kellhom ħadd fil-familja li jaħdem.
Issa qegħdin naraw kemm fl-Ewropa, kif ukoll anke fil-każ ta’ Malta, kif il-fenomenu tal-faqar, fost dawk li jaħdmu qiegħed jerfa’ rasu. F’Malta r-rata ta’ nies f’din il-kategorija hija pjuttost baxxa. Mhux baxxa ħafna imma baxxa mill-medja Ewropea. Li hu inkwetanti però huwa li t-trend qiegħda tiġbed ’il fuq, jiġifieri l-persentaġġ ta’ familji li għandhom nies b’xogħol prekarju u qegħdin f’riskju ta’ faqar qiegħed jiżdied. Tul tliet snin żdied minn 4.4% fl-2006 għal 5.7% fl-2009. Dan ifisser li l-persentaġġ ta’ familji li għandhom xi ħadd jaħdem, però li xorta qegħdin f’riskju ta’ faqar qiegħed jiżdied.
Li x-xogħol prekarju qed iwassal biex iktar familji jaqgħu fir-riskju tal-faqar huwa ta’ tħassib għal min irid ifassal il-politika soċjali. Huwa fl-interess tagħna li naraw għaliex dan qed jiġri. Jekk se jkompli jikber, il-Gvern se jkollu jiffaċċja problema soċjali oħra ma’ li diġà għandu l-pajjiż. Dik tal-ħaddiema fqar.
L-Orizzont, it-Tnejn, 23 ta’ Jannar, 2012
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